February 11, 2020

  Both cases illustrate two of Reilly’s Laws of Tax Planning. The Fourth Law – Execution isn’t everything, but it’s a lot. And the Eleventh Law – Pigs get fed. Hogs get slaughtered. And in the Carter case the IRS runs into the Fourth Law saving the Carters and their partner from hefty penalties. We’ll tackle the Carter case in this post and save Railroad Holdings for another day. The Plantation The Carters owned 50% of Dover Hill Plantation LLC with Ralph Evans who was also a petitioner in the case. With only two partners, TEFRA does not apply. The Carters faced deficiencies for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 totaling $1,975,450 and almost $800,000 in penalties. Evans was looking at $2,668,247 in additional tax for 2011 and 2012 and over a million in penalties. Today In: Money In 2005, DHPLLC had purchased a 5,245-acre tract of land in Glynn County, Georgia, known as Dover Hall. For the life of me, I don’t understand why contemporary Americans naming property in the Southeast are attracted to the word “plantation” which for me has the connotation of “forced labor camp”. With respect to Dover Hall, that is rather explicit as we can see from this 1845 inventory of the estate of Thomas Dover which includes 74 enslaved people to whom a dollar value was assigned. More colorful aspects of the history of Dover Hall include being shelled by those damn yankees on the USS Saratoga in 1864. There is also a long story about its association with baseball great Ty Cobb. All that is inherently more interesting than the tax story, but unfortunately out of my lane. DHPLLC donated a conservation easement to the North American Land Trust. It covered 500 acres on the western edge of Dover Hill. The purposes of the easement are: “(1) the preservation of a relatively natural habitat of fish, wildlife, or plants, or similar ecosystem and (2) preservation of the covered property as an open space that will provide a significant public benefit by (a) providing scenic enjoyment to the general public and (b) advancing a clearly delineated governmental conservation policy”. Among the things that can’t be done is the building of residences. There is this little exception though. Subject to NALT’s approval 11 two-acre house lots can be carved out for residences – location to be determined later. This is where the Eleventh Law comes into play. There were millions of dollars in tax deductions at stake. Why not just make up your mind now and have the easement apply to 478 acres? The Holes In The Cheese The discussion of the case law that governs whether reserving that sort of option kills the deduction is pretty engaging. My favorite part was the Swiss cheese analogy: “As relevant here, the developer could consider two techniques for putting new holes in the cheese. First, he could put new holes in the cheese and make up for it by adding an equal amount of previously unprotected land to the conservation area. That was the pattern in Belk. Alternatively, he could put new holes in the cheese and make up for it by plugging the same number of holes elsewhere in the conservation area. That was the pattern in Bosque Canyon and in the instant case. In each instance the acreage subject to the easement remains exactly the same. But in both instances the developer has achieved the impermissible objective of putting new holes in the cheese, i.e., subjecting to commercial or residential development land that was supposed to be protected in perpetuity from such development.” To be fair to the planners, the case law discussed all came down after the donation was made. So who knew that the holes couldn’t be moved around? Nonetheless I think the Fourth Law is also relevant here. The whole deduction was killed by that relatively small tweak, which smacks of poor execution. The Penalty Poor execution by the IRS saved the taxpayers from the penalty. The IRS agent working the case sent Letters 5153 and revenue agent reports to the taxpayer asserting the penalty before getting written approval from the supervisor. Code Section 6751 requires that the supervisory approval precede the “initial determination” of the penalty. The argument was about what constitutes the “initial determination”. The IRS argued that it is when a thirty day letter is issued. Given that the committee report indicates that one of the purposes of the requirement is to prevent penalty assessment from being used as a bargaining chip, it seems like it is a pretty fair result. To be fair to the agent, the case law on 6751 is all recent, although the section has been around since 1998. Other Coverage Bloomberg Tax has something behind its paywall as does Law 360. Lew Taishoff has Swiss Cheese noting the same thing I did. He discusses the penalty issue in his usual colorful style. “A Letter 5153 is a transmittal for the RAR, telling the addressee to pay up, talk about payment plans, or extend IRS’ time to assess tax to let Appeals have a whack; but if the addressee does nothing by a date certain, IRS will give them a SNOD at no extra charge. That’s enough for Judge Big Jim. That the Boss Hoss signed off eleven (count ‘em, eleven) days later doesn’t help. So substantial valuation misstatement chops go by the board.”

Between January and December 2019, the Federal Government generated the sum of N1.17tn from Value Added Tax. When compared to the target of N1.7tn set by the Federal Government in the 2019 budget, the amount represents a shortfall of about N530bn. A breakdown of the N1.17tn VAT revenue, as contained in the Central Bank of Nigeria economic report, showed that the sum of N301.62bn was generated by the Federal Inland Revenue Service in the first quarter of 2019. However, during the second quarter, the VAT revenue dropped by N6.13bn from the first quarter figure of N301.62bn to N295.49bn. In the third quarter of the year, VAT revenue also witnessed a decline of N4.62bn from N295.49bn in the second quarter to N290.87bn in the third quarter. The trend also continued in the fourth quarter of 2019 as VAT revenue dropped by N2.92bn from N290.87bn in the third quarter to N287.93bn. The inability of the government to raise the much needed revenue to finance its operation was one of the reasons for the increase in the Value Added Tax from five per cent to 7.5 per cent. The 7.5 per cent VAT rate, which the government started implementing on February 1 is being planned to generate about N2.08tn revenue in the 2020 fiscal period. Out of this N2.08tn, the Federal Government alone will receive about N315.47bn representing 15 per cent, states N1.04tn representing 50 per cent while the Local Government Councils will get N751.43bn or 35 per cent. The VAT increase, which is meant to help government achieve its revenue projections for the 2020 budget is a part of the tax reforms included in the 2019 Finance Act. With the Act, it is expected that there will be more revenue to finance key government projects, especially in the areas of health, education and critical infrastructure. Among the strategic objectives of the Finance Act is the supporting of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in line with the ease of doing business reforms such as VAT threshold. Speaking during a breakfast programme on the Nigerian Television Authority monitored by our correspondent, the Executive Chairman of the FIRS, Mohammed Nami, urged all businesses to ensure that they registered with the FIRS for VAT purpose. He said any business that failed to obey the tax law would have to face the wrath of the tax authorities. He said, “It’s your statutory responsibility whether you just register today with Corporate Affairs Commission, to come over to the Federal Inland Revenue to register as VAT agent. That is the first responsibility. “The second responsibility is that you should keep a good record of your transactions because if you don’t keep good records and eventually during the compliance process and monitoring process it is discovered that you have traded well above N25m, the taxes will be paid in arrears.” He said the VAT Act already exempted pharmaceuticals, educational items, and basic commodities. Some of the basic food commodities, according to section 46, are brown and white bread, cereals including maize, rice, wheat, millet, barley and sorghum, and fish of all kinds. Others are flour and starch meals, fruits, nuts, pulses and vegetables of various kinds, roots such as yam, cocoyam, sweet and Irish potatoes, meat and poultry products including eggs, milk, salt and herbs of various kinds, and natural water and table water.